融资融券即 margin trading,分为融资和融券
参见 Essentials of Investments 一书,buying on margin 和 short sell 两节
short sell 时,要求账户里面的现金和其他证券超过不少于一定的 margin(即保证金,所借股份的价值的一个百分比),才能借到股份卖出,并且卖出证券的钱是不能用于其他用途的(客户也不会得到这笔钱的利息,除非是大客户才可能得到部分利息)。最后,客户偿还借出的股份,还要加上这段时间内的股息、红利等。
保证金可以用现金或证券:
投资者以现金作为保证金时,可以全额计入保证金金额;以证券充抵保证金时,应当以证券市值或净值按交易所规定的下列折算率进行折算:
(一)上证180指数成份股股票的折算率最高不超过70%,非上证180指数成份股股票的折算率最高不超过65%;
(二)交易所交易型开放式指数基金折算率最高不超过90%;
(三)国债折算率最高不超过95%;
(四)其他上市证券投资基金和债券折算率最高不超过80%;
(五)被实行特别处理和暂停上市的A股为0%;
(六)权证为0%。
short sell 时,margin 为 50%,此后 maintainance margin 为 30%,也就是维持担保比例为130%。
维持担保比例,指投资者担保物价值与其融资融券债务之间的比例,其计算公式为:维持担保比例=(现金+信用证券账户内证券市值)/(融资买入金额+融券卖出证券数量*市价+利息及费用)
当维持担保比例小于130%时,通知客户补仓至维持担保比例达到150%;如果客户未在规定时间内补仓,则强制平仓;如果维持担保比例大于300%,客户可以申请进行担保物划出;且划出后不能低于300%。
举例,某投资者信用账户中有现金50万元作为保证金,经分析判断后,选定证券A进行融资买入,假设证券A的折算率为0.7,融资保证金比例为50%。客户先用自有资金以10元/股的价格买入了5万股,这时客户信用账户中的自有资金余额为0,然后客户用融资买入的方式买入证券A,此时客户可融资买入的最大金额为70万元(50×0.7÷50%=70万元),如果买入价格仍为10元/股,则客户可融资买入的最大数量为7万股。至此客户与证券公司建立了债权债务关系,其融资负债为融资买入证券A的金额70万元,资产为12万股证券A的市值。如果证券A的价格为9.5元/股,则客户信用账户的资产为114万元,维持担保比例约为163%(资产114万元÷负债70万元=163%)。
综上,融券的杠杆其实不大。我总是认为用已有的证券做抵押,类似于空手套白狼,但是这样的想法是错的。
Thursday, July 8, 2010
私募股权 private equity
Private equity 私募股权,VC 属于 PE 的一种形式
Private equity fund 私募股权基金
区分
私募股权(投资)基金和私募证券投资基金,两者差别是很大的。后者即股民常说的私募基金。
一篇不错的文章。
China: To the money born,这个也可以一读。私募股权在中国才起步不久。
Private equity fund 私募股权基金
区分
私募股权(投资)基金和私募证券投资基金,两者差别是很大的。后者即股民常说的私募基金。
一篇不错的文章。
China: To the money born,这个也可以一读。私募股权在中国才起步不久。
他们都喜欢用英文缩略语
同学在外企工作一段时间,说话的时候就会时不时冒出英文缩略语。这可能真的是环境造成的,和拉风没有关系。咱也只好迁就他们,学一学,记一记一些英文缩略语,以备不时之需。
PM project manager
PL project leader
OT overtime 加班
PE(private equity 私募股权)
VC(venture capital 风险投资)
certificated public accountant (CPA)
chartered financing analyst (CFA)
PM project manager
PL project leader
OT overtime 加班
PE(private equity 私募股权)
VC(venture capital 风险投资)
certificated public accountant (CPA)
chartered financing analyst (CFA)
Tuesday, July 6, 2010
自我妨碍,真是发人深省啊
社会心理学
自我妨碍
自我妨碍
有时人们通过设置障碍物来阻扰自己获得成功。这种行为绝不是一种故意破坏自我的行为,而恰恰是为了达到自我保护的目的。
我并没有真的失败——要不是因为这个我肯定能干好。
为什么人们要用自挫行为来妨碍自己呢?回忆一下前面所讲:我们通过把失败归于外因以保护我们自己的自我形象。由于害怕失败,人们再就业面试前欢饮通宵,在大考来临前玩视频游戏而非学习。当自我形象和行为绩效紧密相连时,“全力争取却失败了”要比“因延误时间而有了失败的好借口”更让人泄气。如果我们在重重阻碍下失败了,我们仍可以维持对自己能力的信任;如果在这种情况下我们竟然成功了,那正好可以提升我们的自我形象。自我妨碍有利于我们把失败归于一些暂时的或外在因素而非自己的天赋或能力的匮乏,从而可以保护我们的自尊和公众形象。
没有尝试,就不会失败;没有失败,就不会有羞耻感。
Monday, July 5, 2010
社会心理学
Labels:
knowing
社会心理学 David G. Myers
社会心理学和人格心理学
社会心理学和人格心理学
人格心理学家关注的焦点是个人体内部功能以及个体间的差异,例如,为何有些人更具有暴力倾向。社会心理学家则关注我们共同的人性,即就总体而言,人们如何看待彼此如何互相影响。他们感兴趣的是社会情境如何使绝大多数个体变得友善或无情,从众或独立,如何使他们对他人产生好感或偏见。弗洛伊德和马斯洛都属于人格心理学家。
Character vs Personality
Character: 品质,品德
Personality: 个性
Character traits are objective, constant, and timeless.
Character traits include honesty, trust, respect, responsibility, leadership, loyalty and courage. One’s character can be objectively judged.
Character is defined as right or wrong.
Character, despite its detractors, can be taught.
However educators are bypassing the difficulty of teaching character and have gone directly to self-esteem, the reward of strong character. But without character, self-esteem is a hollow, free-floating concept.
And while character traits are universal, each individual has the choice to accept or reject them.
One of character’s best features is that you can mimic them without conviction and the end result is the same.
For instance, a coward can recognize he’s a coward yet still perform an act of bravery and no one will fault him acting out of character.
Personality is subjective.
Personality includes your sense of humor (or lack of), whether you’re outgoing or shy, friendly or stoic, your interests, passions, and the list goes on.
While some people have well-developed personalities, their character sucks and you eventually avoid them even though “they’re a lot of fun.”
Taking the historical big-picture long view, personality is neither right nor wrong.
Some people will like any particular personality and others won’t.
Personality: 个性
Character traits are objective, constant, and timeless.
Character traits include honesty, trust, respect, responsibility, leadership, loyalty and courage. One’s character can be objectively judged.
Character is defined as right or wrong.
Character, despite its detractors, can be taught.
However educators are bypassing the difficulty of teaching character and have gone directly to self-esteem, the reward of strong character. But without character, self-esteem is a hollow, free-floating concept.
And while character traits are universal, each individual has the choice to accept or reject them.
One of character’s best features is that you can mimic them without conviction and the end result is the same.
For instance, a coward can recognize he’s a coward yet still perform an act of bravery and no one will fault him acting out of character.
Personality is subjective.
Personality includes your sense of humor (or lack of), whether you’re outgoing or shy, friendly or stoic, your interests, passions, and the list goes on.
While some people have well-developed personalities, their character sucks and you eventually avoid them even though “they’re a lot of fun.”
Taking the historical big-picture long view, personality is neither right nor wrong.
Some people will like any particular personality and others won’t.
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